Tasaki T., Yamakawa H. (2009) A Review of Research Approaches for Waste Prevention and Reuse of Waste. Sardinia 2009, 12th International waste management and landfill symposium proceedings, CD-ROM
SUMMARY:
We reviewed research approaches for waste prevention (reduction) and reuse (referred to “2Rs”). First, we examined three fundamental issues of difficulties in conducting 2R research. We then identified three key elements for promoting the 2Rs and seven types of 2R research. Finally, we categorized 2R behaviours and linked these behaviours to outcomes in order to establish academic fundamentals of 2R research.
2013年1月2日水曜日
Experiences of Japanese Container and Packaging Recycling Act
Tasaki T. (2008) Experiences of Japanese Container and Packaging Recycling Act. ISWA2008 Paper Summaries Book, CD-ROM
Executive Summary:
Japan put into force its Container and Packaging Recycling Act in 1997 and revised it in 2006. This paper summarizes the Japanese experiences of packaging recycling and the performance of the Recycling Act from the perspective of a recycling model that includes material flows, monetary flows, and stakeholder behavior. First, the scheme of the Recycling Act and its history were introduced with discussed points in the process of revising the Recycling Act. Second, performance of the Recycling Act was described by showing quantitative data, which included official data that government presented as well as data from our estimation and other studies.
Executive Summary:
Japan put into force its Container and Packaging Recycling Act in 1997 and revised it in 2006. This paper summarizes the Japanese experiences of packaging recycling and the performance of the Recycling Act from the perspective of a recycling model that includes material flows, monetary flows, and stakeholder behavior. First, the scheme of the Recycling Act and its history were introduced with discussed points in the process of revising the Recycling Act. Second, performance of the Recycling Act was described by showing quantitative data, which included official data that government presented as well as data from our estimation and other studies.
Activity-based Cost Accounting for Municipal Solid Waste Management
Tasaki T., Hashimoto S., Moriguchi Y. (2008) Activity-based Cost Accounting for Municipal Solid Waste Management. ISWA2008 Paper Summaries Book, CD-ROM
Executive Summary:
In Japan, cost is one of the controversial issues concerning waste management and recycling. Japan put into force its Container and Packaging Recycling Act in 1996 and revised it in 2006. In the discussions on revising the act, the high recycling/collecting cost was criticized, and the efficacy of the Recycling Act was questioned. Meanwhile, traditional municipal solid waste disposal costs differ significantly from municipality by municipality, by more than 10-fold. These social movements led the Japanese Ministry of the Environment to establish a standard of cost accounting for municipal waste management in June 2007. However, the cost accounting standard has an issue: it does not reveal the average cost of each waste management activity such as collection, intermediate treatment, and final disposal, at a national level.
This study estimated the cost of each waste management activity in Japan from FY 1996 to FY 2004 using data from the national municipal solid waste survey conducted by the Ministry of the Environment. Because several data items were investigated with no distinction in waste management activities, the allocation of such items of expenditure to each activity was performed. As a result, the unit cost of waste collection was estimated to be approximately $210/ton-waste ($1 = \105) and it was stable during FY 1996 to FY 2004. That of intermediate waste treatment was approximately $267/ton and decreased in FY 2006 to $190/ton because of the addition of equipment for preventing dioxin emission to incineration plants had been completed and thus the cost was reduced. The unit cost of final disposal (landfilling) increased from $139/ton in FY 1996 to approximately $385/ton in FY 2004. This increase can be attributed to the increase in initial costs of landfill. It was estimated to be $365/ton, which means that the installation cost of landfill in FY 2004 was much higher than that in the past, and although this does not represent the average initial costs of landfills operating then, cost would increase soon thereafter.
Executive Summary:
In Japan, cost is one of the controversial issues concerning waste management and recycling. Japan put into force its Container and Packaging Recycling Act in 1996 and revised it in 2006. In the discussions on revising the act, the high recycling/collecting cost was criticized, and the efficacy of the Recycling Act was questioned. Meanwhile, traditional municipal solid waste disposal costs differ significantly from municipality by municipality, by more than 10-fold. These social movements led the Japanese Ministry of the Environment to establish a standard of cost accounting for municipal waste management in June 2007. However, the cost accounting standard has an issue: it does not reveal the average cost of each waste management activity such as collection, intermediate treatment, and final disposal, at a national level.
This study estimated the cost of each waste management activity in Japan from FY 1996 to FY 2004 using data from the national municipal solid waste survey conducted by the Ministry of the Environment. Because several data items were investigated with no distinction in waste management activities, the allocation of such items of expenditure to each activity was performed. As a result, the unit cost of waste collection was estimated to be approximately $210/ton-waste ($1 = \105) and it was stable during FY 1996 to FY 2004. That of intermediate waste treatment was approximately $267/ton and decreased in FY 2006 to $190/ton because of the addition of equipment for preventing dioxin emission to incineration plants had been completed and thus the cost was reduced. The unit cost of final disposal (landfilling) increased from $139/ton in FY 1996 to approximately $385/ton in FY 2004. This increase can be attributed to the increase in initial costs of landfill. It was estimated to be $365/ton, which means that the installation cost of landfill in FY 2004 was much higher than that in the past, and although this does not represent the average initial costs of landfills operating then, cost would increase soon thereafter.
2013年1月1日火曜日
An Evaluation of the First Five Years after Enactment of the Japanese WEEE Recycling Act and the Current State
Tasaki T., Terazono A., Moriguchi Y. (2007) An evaluation of the first five years after enactment of the Japanese WEEE Recycling Act and the current state. Sardinia 2007, 11th International waste management and landfill symposium proceedings, CD-ROM
SUMMARY:
This study evaluates the five-year enforcement of the Japanese WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Recycling Act and reports on the current state of progress in revising the Act. Evaluation was conducted by applying an evaluation framework based on raised claims and issues, examining whether or not the Act has worked well. The results are as follows. Although recycling has been carried out smoothly, collection should be secured in order to avoid inappropriate treatment. Of the total discarded target four appliances, the Act covers approximately half the WEEE in Japan. The destination and the number of uncovered WEEE were revealed, with export and domestic waste facilities/recyclers determined as the major destinations. Illegal dumping did not increase to the extent feared by the public. Cost efficiency seemed to remain at the same level as before the enforcement of the Act. Consumer waste reduction was modest contrary to expectations. Producers were apparently motivated to change their product design.
SUMMARY:
This study evaluates the five-year enforcement of the Japanese WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Recycling Act and reports on the current state of progress in revising the Act. Evaluation was conducted by applying an evaluation framework based on raised claims and issues, examining whether or not the Act has worked well. The results are as follows. Although recycling has been carried out smoothly, collection should be secured in order to avoid inappropriate treatment. Of the total discarded target four appliances, the Act covers approximately half the WEEE in Japan. The destination and the number of uncovered WEEE were revealed, with export and domestic waste facilities/recyclers determined as the major destinations. Illegal dumping did not increase to the extent feared by the public. Cost efficiency seemed to remain at the same level as before the enforcement of the Act. Consumer waste reduction was modest contrary to expectations. Producers were apparently motivated to change their product design.
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